The equivalent circuit system models reproduce the pouch cell systems and other different battery geometries to simulate the physics of electric current density through these ECMs.

The boundary conditions are of second-life batteries, where numerous resistors simulate the jelly roll of lithium-ion batteries. The Python code describes the electrochemical models to obtain the thermal diffusion profile through the boundary conditions observed in second-life electric vehicle modules.

Fourier's heat transfer equations, considering the increase in internal electrical resistance of the batteries, contain parametric units similar to thermal diffusion systems. This module system is important for computational fluid dynamics simulation, which refers to the thermal management of electric vehicles, as well as obtaining a digital twin that can predict battery behavior based on the physics of the control system.